The principles of airborne navigation have evolved considerably over the last 100 years. With commercial aircraft now capable of flights in excess of 20 hours, with much of the duration spent over the oceans, navigation techniques have had to evolve to meet these new demands. The JAR ATPL (A) General Navigation examination requires a competency in the calculations ofdistance, direction, speed, and time. It also requires a detailed understanding of maps and charts, including their properties and limitations. This volume takes the prospective Airline Transport Pilot from basic navigational and plotting skills to the principles and application of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). Not only does this volume prepare the student for the General Navigation examination, it also discusses the practical aspects of navigation that might be encountered during commercial airline operations.